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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">GPFS</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">IBM Spectrum Scale</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998</span>)</span> with <a href="AIX" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX">AIX</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data">8 YB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">8 EB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data">2<sup>64</sup> per file system</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br>permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Transparent<br>encryption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">yes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported<br><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>GPFS</b> (<b>General Parallel File System</b>, brand name <b>IBM Storage Scale</b> and previously <b>IBM Spectrum Scale</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_research_gpfs_page_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_research_gpfs_page-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a high-performance <a href="Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">clustered file system</a> software developed by <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. It can be deployed in <a href="Shared-disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared-disk">shared-disk</a> or <a href="Shared-nothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared-nothing">shared-nothing</a> distributed parallel modes, or a combination of these. It is used by many of the world's largest commercial companies, as well as some of the <a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a> on the <a href="TOP500" title="TOP500">Top 500 List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schmuck02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmuck02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

For example, it is the filesystem of the <a href="Summit_(supercomputer)" title="Summit (supercomputer)">Summit</a>

at <a href="Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> which was the #1 fastest supercomputer in the world in the November 2019 Top 500 List.<sup id="cite_ref-Nov_2019_top500_supercomputer_list_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov_2019_top500_supercomputer_list-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summit is a 200 <a href="Petaflops" class="mw-redirect" title="Petaflops">Petaflops</a> system composed of more than 9,000 <a href="POWER9" title="POWER9">POWER9</a> processors and 27,000 NVIDIA <a href="Volta_(microarchitecture)" title="Volta (microarchitecture)">Volta</a> <a href="GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPUs</a>. The storage filesystem is called Alpine.<sup id="cite_ref-summit_faq_page_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summit_faq_page-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Like typical cluster filesystems, GPFS provides concurrent high-speed file access to applications executing on multiple nodes of clusters. It can be used with <a href="IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a> clusters, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> clusters,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Microsoft <a href="Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a>, or a heterogeneous cluster of AIX, Linux and Windows nodes running on <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a>, <a href="Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power</a> or <a href="IBM_Z" title="IBM Z">IBM Z</a> processor architectures.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>GPFS began as the <i>Tiger Shark</i> file system, a research project at IBM's <a href="IBM_Research_-_Almaden" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Research - Almaden">Almaden Research Center</a> as early as 1993. Tiger Shark was initially designed to support high throughput multimedia applications. This design turned out to be well suited to scientific computing.<sup id="cite_ref-may00_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may00-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Another ancestor is IBM's <i>Vesta</i> filesystem, developed as a research project at IBM's <a href="Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a> between 1992 and 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-corbett93_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbett93-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vesta introduced the concept of file partitioning to accommodate the needs of parallel applications that run on high-performance <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">multicomputers</a> with <a href="Parallel_I/O" title="Parallel I/O">parallel I/O</a> subsystems. With partitioning, a file is not a sequence of bytes, but rather multiple disjoint sequences that may be accessed in parallel. The partitioning is such that it abstracts away the number and type of I/O nodes hosting the filesystem, and it allows a variety of logically partitioned views of files, regardless of the physical distribution of data within the I/O nodes. The disjoint sequences are arranged to correspond to individual processes of a parallel application, allowing for improved scalability.<sup id="cite_ref-corbett96_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbett96-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Vesta was commercialized as the PIOFS filesystem around 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-corbett95_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbett95-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was succeeded by GPFS around 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-barrios99_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrios99-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snir01_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snir01-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main difference between the older and newer filesystems was that GPFS replaced the specialized interface offered by Vesta/PIOFS with the standard <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="API" title="API">API</a>: all the features to support high performance parallel I/O were hidden from users and implemented under the hood.<sup id="cite_ref-may00_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may00-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snir01_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snir01-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPFS also shared many components with the related products IBM Multi-Media Server and IBM Video Charger, which is why many GPFS utilities start with the prefix <i>mm</i>—multi-media.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xi">: xi </span></sup>

</p><p>In 2010, IBM previewed a version of GPFS that included a capability known as GPFS-SNC, where SNC stands for Shared Nothing Cluster. This was officially released with GPFS 3.5 in December 2012, and is now known as FPO

<sup id="cite_ref-fpo-pdf_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fpo-pdf-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (File Placement Optimizer).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div>

<p>It is a <a href="Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">clustered file system</a>. It breaks a file into blocks of a configured size, less than 1 megabyte each, which are distributed across multiple cluster nodes.

</p><p>The system stores data on standard block storage volumes, but includes an internal RAID layer that can virtualize those volumes for redundancy and parallel access much like a RAID block storage system. It also has the ability to replicate across volumes at the higher file level.

</p><p>Features of the architecture include

</p>

<ul><li>Distributed metadata, including the directory tree. There is no single "directory controller" or "index server" in charge of the filesystem.</li>

<li>Efficient indexing of directory entries for very large directories.</li>

<li>Distributed locking. This allows for full <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> filesystem semantics, including locking for exclusive file access.</li>

<li>Partition Aware. A failure of the network may partition the filesystem into two or more groups of nodes that can only see the nodes in their group. This can be detected through a heartbeat protocol, and when a partition occurs, the filesystem remains live for the largest partition formed. This offers a graceful degradation of the filesystem — some machines will remain working.</li>

<li>Filesystem maintenance can be performed online. Most of the filesystem maintenance chores (adding new disks, rebalancing data across disks) can be performed while the filesystem is live. This maximizes the filesystem availability, and thus the availability of the supercomputer cluster itself.</li></ul>

<p>Other features include high availability, ability to be used in a heterogeneous cluster, disaster recovery, security, <a href="DMAPI" title="DMAPI">DMAPI</a>, <a href="Hierarchical_Storage_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical Storage Management">HSM</a> and <a href="Information_Lifecycle_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Lifecycle Management">ILM</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compared_to_Hadoop_Distributed_File_System_(HDFS)">Compared to Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)</h3></div>

<p><a href="Hadoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadoop">Hadoop</a>'s HDFS filesystem, is designed to store similar or greater quantities of data on commodity hardware — that is, datacenters without <a href="RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> disks and a <a href="Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">storage area network</a> (SAN).

</p>

<ul><li>HDFS also breaks files up into blocks, and stores them on different filesystem nodes.</li>

<li>GPFS has full Posix filesystem semantics<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li>

<li>GPFS distributes its directory indices and other metadata across the filesystem. Hadoop, in contrast, keeps this on the Primary and Secondary Namenodes, large servers which must store all index information in-RAM.</li>

<li>GPFS breaks files up into small blocks. Hadoop HDFS likes blocks of <span class="nowrap">64 MB</span> or more, as this reduces the storage requirements of the Namenode. Small blocks or many small files fill up a filesystem's indices fast, so limit the filesystem's size.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Information_lifecycle_management">Information lifecycle management</h2></div>

<p>Storage pools allow for the grouping of disks within a file system. An administrator can create tiers of storage by grouping disks based on performance, locality or reliability characteristics. For example, one pool could be high-performance <a href="Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> disks and another more economical SATA storage.

</p><p>A fileset is a sub-tree of the file system namespace and provides a way to partition the namespace into smaller, more manageable units. Filesets provide an administrative boundary that can be used to set quotas and be specified in a policy to control initial data placement or data migration. Data in a single fileset can reside in one or more storage pools. Where the file data resides and how it is migrated is based on a set of rules in a user defined policy.

</p><p>There are two types of user defined policies: file placement and file management. File placement policies direct file data as files are created to the appropriate storage pool. File placement rules are selected by attributes such as file name, the user name or the fileset. File management policies allow the file's data to be moved or replicated or files to be deleted. File management policies can be used to move data from one pool to another without changing the file's location in the directory structure. File management policies are determined by file attributes such as last access time, path name or size of the file.

</p><p>The policy processing engine is scalable and can be run on many nodes at once. This allows management policies to be applied to a single file system with billions of files and complete in a few hours.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Alluxio" title="Alluxio">Alluxio</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_Cloud_File_System" title="Oracle Cloud File System">ASM Cluster File System</a> (ACFS)</li>

<li><a href="BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Gluster" title="Gluster">Gluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">List of file systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre (file system)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moose_File_System" title="Moose File System">MooseFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Panasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Panasas">Panasas</a> PanFS</li>

<li><a href="IBM_Scale-out_File_Services" title="IBM Scale-out File Services">IBM Scale-out File Services</a> – NAS-grid</li>

<li><a href="Shared_disk_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared disk file system">Shared disk file system</a></li>

<li><a href="Veritas_Cluster_Server" title="Veritas Cluster Server">Veritas Cluster Server</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220923224411/https://researcher.draco.res.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=4840">"GPFS (General Parallel File System)"</a>. IBM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researcher.draco.res.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=4840">the original</a> on 2022-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-schmuck02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schmuck02_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchmuckRoger_Haskin2002" class="citation conference cs1">Schmuck, Frank; Roger Haskin (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usenix.org/events/fast02/full_papers/schmuck/schmuck.pdf">"GPFS: A Shared-Disk File System for Large Computing Clusters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the FAST'02 Conference on File and Storage Technologies</i>. Monterey, California, US: USENIX. pp. <span class="nowrap">231–</span>244. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-880446-03-0</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409103830/http://usenix.org/events/fast02/full_papers/schmuck/schmuck.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nov_2019_top500_supercomputer_list-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nov_2019_top500_supercomputer_list_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102235204/https://www.top500.org/list/2019/11/">"November 2019 top500 list"</a>. top500.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.top500.org/list/2019/11/">the original</a> on 2020-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-summit_faq_page-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-summit_faq_page_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olcf.ornl.gov/olcf-resources/compute-systems/summit/summit-faqs/">"Summit FAQ"</a>. Oak Ridge National Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWangVaskoLiuChen2014" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Teng; Vasko, Kevin; Liu, Zhuo; Chen, Hui; Yu, Weikuan (Nov 2014). "BPAR: A Bundle-Based Parallel Aggregation Framework for Decoupled I/O Execution". <i>2014 International Workshop on Data Intensive Scalable Computing Systems</i>. IEEE. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>32. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FDISCS.2014.6">10.1109/DISCS.2014.6</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4673-6750-9</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2402391">2402391</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-may00-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-may00_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-may00_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMay2000" class="citation book cs1">May, John M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iLj516DOIKkC&q=shark+vesta+gpfs&pg=PA92"><i>Parallel I/O for High Performance Computing</i></a>. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 92. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55860-664-7</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-corbett93-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corbett93_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCorbettFeitelsonProstBaylor1993" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Peter F.; Feitelson, Dror G.; Prost, J.-P.; Baylor, S. J. (1993). "Parallel access to files in the Vesta file system". <i>Proceedings of the 1993 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing - Supercomputing '93</i>. Portland, Oregon, United States: ACM/IEEE. pp. <span class="nowrap">472–</span>481. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F169627.169786">10.1145/169627.169786</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0818643408</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46409100">46409100</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-corbett96-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corbett96_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCorbettFeitelson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Corbett, Peter F.; Feitelson, Dror G. (August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212075707/http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/fall2002/cmsc818s/Readings/vesta-tocs96.pdf">"The Vesta parallel file system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACM Transactions on Computer Systems</i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>264. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F233557.233558">10.1145/233557.233558</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11975458">11975458</a>. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTeng_WangKevin_VaskoZhuo_LiuHui_Chen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Teng Wang; Kevin Vasko; Zhuo Liu; Hui Chen; Weikuan Yu (2016). "Enhance parallel input/output with cross-bundle aggregation". <i>The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications</i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>256. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1094342015618017">10.1177/1094342015618017</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12067366">12067366</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-corbett95-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corbett95_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCorbettD._G._FeitelsonJ.-P._ProstG._S._Almasi1995" class="citation journal cs1">Corbett, P. F.; D. G. Feitelson; J.-P. Prost; G. S. Almasi; S. J. Baylor; A. S. Bolmarcich; Y. Hsu; J. Satran; M. Snir; R. Colao; B. D. Herr; J. Kavaky; T. R. Morgan; A. Zlotek (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040419115328/http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/342/corbett.pdf">"Parallel file systems for the IBM SP computers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">222–</span>248. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.381.2988">10.1.1.381.2988</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.342.0222">10.1147/sj.342.0222</a>. Archived from the original on 2004-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-barrios99-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barrios99_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarrisTerry_JonesScott_KinnaneMathis_Landzettel_Safran_Al-Safran1999" class="citation book cs1">Barris, Marcelo; Terry Jones; Scott Kinnane; Mathis Landzettel Safran Al-Safran; Jerry Stevens; Christopher Stone; Chris Thomas; Ulf Troppens (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214215324/https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg245610.pdf"><i>Sizing and Tuning GPFS</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Redbooks, International Technical Support Organization. see page 1 (<i>"GPFS is the successor to the PIOFS file system"</i>). Archived from the original on 2010-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-snir01-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snir01_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snir01_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSnir2001" class="citation web cs1">Snir, Marc (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.ac.upc.edu/HPCseminar/SEM0001/snir.pdf">"Scalable parallel systems: Contributions 1990-2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HPC seminar, Computer Architecture Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015235626/http://research.ac.upc.edu/HPCseminar/SEM0001/snir.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2008-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ira.inaf.it/Computing/tecnica/GPFS/GPFS_31_Admin_Guide.pdf"><i>General Parallel File System Administration and Programming Reference Version 3.1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM. April 2006.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-fpo-pdf-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fpo-pdf_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/dcs03038usen/DCS03038USEN.PDF">"IBM GPFS FPO (DCS03038-USEN-00)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Corporation. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStenderKolbeckHupfeldCesario2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stender, Jan; Kolbeck, Björn; Hupfeld, Felix; Cesario, Eugenio; Focht, Erich; Hess, Matthias; Malo, Jesús; Martí, Jonathan (June 22–27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/lasco08/tech/full_papers/stender/stender.pdf">"Striping without Sacrifices: Maintaining POSIX Semantics in a Parallel File System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2008 USENIX Annual Technical Conference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<p><br>

</p>

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</style><div id="File_systems283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br>non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li>

<li><a href="AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li>

<li>BFS

<ul><li><a href="Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li>

<li>Byte File System (<a href="Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li>

<li>EFS

<ul><li><a href="Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li>

<li><a href="Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li>

<li><a href="HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a>

<ul><li><a href="HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li>

<li>MFS

<ul><li><a href="Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li>

<li><a href="TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li>

<li><a href="NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li>

<li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li>

<li><a href="ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li>

<li>SFS

<ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li>

<li><a href="UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li>

<li><a href="EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li>

<li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li>

<li><a href="UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li>

<li><a href="OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li>

<li><a href="Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li>

<li><a href="SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li>

<li><a href="EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li>

<li><a href="FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li>

<li><a href="SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li>

<li><a href="FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li>

<li><a href="UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li>

<li>specfs</li>

<li><a href="Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li>

<li><a href="WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li>

<li><a href="EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li>

<li><a href="SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a>

<ul><li><a href="Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li>

<li><a href="Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li>

<li><a href="Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li>

<li><a href="File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li>

<li><a href="Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li>

<li>Links

<li><a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li>

<li><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li>

<li><a href="File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a>

<ul><li><a href="Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li>

<li><a href="GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=GPFS&oldid=1297296226">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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